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Background: P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis, as a near-threatened and ethnic medicine in China, used to be a key ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine in treatment of traumatic injuries, sore throat, snakebites, and convulsions for thousands of years. However, there were no reports on the inverse relationship between the contents of heavy metals and saponins and its anti-breast cancer pharmacological activity in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. Methods: The present study aimed to reveal the characteristics of heavy metal contents and saponins and its anti-breast cancer pharmacological activity and their interrelationships in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis from different production areas. The contents of heavy metal and steroidal saponins in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and the high-performance liquid chromatography technique, respectively. The Pearson correlation was used to study the correlation between saponins and heavy metals. 4T1 mouse mammary tumor cells were selected and cultivated for antitumor studies in vitro. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, Hoechst staining, and flow cytometry analysis were used for the examination of the proliferation and apoptosis of 4T1 tumor cells. Mouse breast cancer 4T1 cells were subcutaneously injected into BALB/c mice to construct a tumor model to explore the in vivo inhibitory effect on breast cancer. TUNEL assay and immunohistochemistry were used for the examination of the effect of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis from different origins on cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis induction in 4T1 tumor mice. Results: Heavy metal contents were highly correlated with the content of steroidal saponins. The overall content of 10 metals in the three producing origins was of the order C3 >C2 >C1. The total content of eight steroidal saponins in the extracts of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis from three different origins was C1 >C2 >C3. The Pearson correlation study showed that in all of the heavy metals, the contents of Cd and Ba were positively correlated with the main steroidal saponins in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis, while Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Zn, As, Hg, and Pb showed a negative correlation. In vitro experiments showed that the extracts of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis from three origins could inhibit the proliferation and induce cell apoptosis of 4T1 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, especially in the C1 origin. In vivo experiments showed that the extract of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis from the three origins could inhibit the growth of tumors and induce the apoptosis of tumor cells. In the three origins, C1 origin had the lowest total heavy metal level but the highest total steroidal saponin level. Therefore, it showed a better effect in reducing the expression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and Kiel 67 (Ki67) and increasing the expression of p53 in tumor tissues compared to the other origins. In conclusion, in the three origins, C1 origin exhibits antitumor pharmacological effects in vivo and in vitro which are better than those in the other origins. Conclusion: In this study, we found that with the increase of the heavy metal content, the content of steroid saponins and anti-breast cancer activity decreased. The results showed that the high content of the total heavy metals may not be conducive to the accumulation of steroidal saponins in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis and lead to the low anti-breast cancer activity. The results of this study suggest that the content of heavy metals should be controlled in the artificial cultivation process of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis.
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Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis, a medicinal plant that originated in Yunnan (China), has been over-harvested in the wild population, resulting in its artificial cultivation. Given the negative environmental impacts of the excessive use of phosphorus (P) fertilization, the application of organophosphate-degrading bacteria (OPDB) is a sustainable approach for improving the P use efficiency in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis production. The present work aimed to analyze the effects of three organic phosphate-solubilizing bacteria of Bacillus on the yield and quality of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis and the P concentrations in the soil. All the inoculation treatments distinctly increased the rhizome biomass, steroidal, and total saponin concentrations of the rhizomes and the Olsen-P and organic P in the soil. The highest growth rate of rhizomes biomass, steroidal saponins, available phosphorus, and total phosphorus content was seen in the S7 group, which was inoculated with all three OPDB strains, showing increases of 134.58%, 132.56%, 51.64%, and 17.19%, respectively. The highest total saponin content was found in the group inoculated with B. mycoides and B. wiedmannii, which increased by 33.68%. Moreover, the highest organic P content was seen in the group inoculated with B. wiedmannii and B. proteolyticus, which increased by 96.20%. In addition, the rhizome biomass was significantly positively correlated with the saponin concentration, together with the positive correlation between the Olsen-P and organic P and total P. It is concluded that inoculation with organophosphate-degrading bacteria improved the biomass and medicinal ingredients of the rhizome in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis, coupled with increased soil P fertility, with a mixture of the three bacteria performing best.
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It is important for preventing and resolving landscape ecology risk and promoting regional sustainable development to explore the characteristics of temporal and spatial variations of landscape ecology risk of key ecological function zone and to reveal the potential influence of human activity on aggravation of landscape ecological risk. Based on the land cover data of 2000, 2010, and 2020, we constructed a model of risk assessment on landscape ecology, incorporating a landscape index and an assessment of ecological vulnerability, with the support of ArcGIS 10.8 and Fragstats 4.2. The spatial analysis method was used to examine the temporal and spatial variations of landscape ecology risk in ecological conservation in Sichuan-Yunnan provinces. We used the Geodetector to quantify the impacts of natural and social-economy factors in different ranges of region on landscape ecological risk. The results showed that from 2000 to 2020, the area of artificial land surface, water body, shrubland in the study area showed an upward trend, while the area of forest, cultivated land, grassland, wetlands, barren land, and permanent snow cover and glacier showed an downward trend. There was remarkable transfer of landscape types among forest, grassland and cultivated land, especially for the transfer from cultivated land to artificial surface. The mean value of landscape ecological risk had been reducing. The classes of landscape ecological risk was consistent with the changes and shifts of landscape. Landscape ecological risk was mainly at lower, low, and high levels in ecological conservation in Sichuan-Yunnan provinces. Natural factors, including elevation and precipitation, generally drove the temporal-spatial variations of landscape ecological risk. In addition, factors such as economy, society and regional accessibility could contribute to prominent impacts on local area suffering from pejorative risk.
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Ecologia , China , Ecossistema , Humanos , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To study on the pharmacognostical characteristics of cultivated Fritillaria taipaiensis for providing basis for further development and research. METHODS: Botanical, macroscopic and microscopic identifications, and determination of the content of extract, total saponins and total alkaloids were carried out. RESULTS: Because of various growing years, cultivated Fritillaria taipaiensis had diffferent properties,in addition to tip slightly resembling songbei's tip "embracing the moon", there were greatly different characteristics in the rest of specifications comparing with the traditional Fritillaria cirrhosa. Some were shallow conical or cylindrical, some had slightly rough surface,and some bases were constricted, bitter in taste. There were great differences in its extract and total alkaloids con-tent,and no obvious differences in the content of total saponins. CONCLUSION: The experimental results show that the extract,total saponins and total alkaloids content are not positively correlated or relevant with the current classification of Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus. To consider the medicinal appearance diameter and length, the grade classification should be based on different application requirements, and combined with the evaluation of active ingredients.
